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Doctorate degree
It is an academic degree of the highest level. Traditionally, the award of a doctorate implies recognition of the candidate as an equal by the university faculty under which she or he studied.
There are three types of doctorates: research/terminal, (first) professional, and honorary.
Research doctorates are nearly always awarded in recognition of academic research that is of a publishable standard (even if not actually published) and that represents at least a modest contribution to human knowledge. The research is usually assessed by submission and defense of a doctoral thesis or dissertation, though in some cases a coherent body of published literature can be accepted instead.
Professional doctorates are awarded in certain fields where most holders of the degree are not engaged primarily in scholarly research and academic activities, but, rather in a profession, such as law, medicine, music, or ministry.
Honorary doctorates are awarded for a substantial contribution to a field that need not be academic in character.
In the EU, UK, Australia, and some other Commonwealth countries, a distinction is made among research doctorates, as doctorates (generally awarded after a course of 3-5 years postgraduate research and study and submission of a thesis), and higher doctorates -- awarded on the basis of many years of outstanding research, judged through examination of publications. These higher doctorates are also used as honorary doctorates, but those awarded on the basis of academic research are non-honorary.
The title of "Doctor" is used both by and of those holding research doctorates or some professional (usually medical) degrees, but according to convention is not used by or of those holding honorary doctorates. However, some consider it permissible to use the title of doctor for an honorary degree within the institution that granted it.
In the past, in the United States a person with a research doctorate would use the title "doctor" in an academic or research/development setting, and in publication. However it is becoming more common to use the title if working in a corporate setting. This is the case in most continents. In some countries the term "doctor" may be used as a title of respect even if the person being addressed has no doctoral degree.
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In the United States, professional doctoral degrees are terminal degrees (also sometimes called "first professional" degrees) in certain given fields, and include: Chiropractic, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Osteopathy, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Podiatry, Psychology and Veterinary medicine. There are many others. Although these degrees may be both the initial and terminal degree in their field, students seeking to enter degree programs for them must have already completed a Bachelors degree, usually in a related field. Under European Law, research doctorate holders from any EU country are recognised. The duration of a medical degree may vary between EU countries and may require the holder to take further examinations.
Terminal/professional doctoral degrees such as the M.D. and J.D. do not generally require completion of a thesis/dissertation, although some professional degree programs (such as many J.D. programs) require that the candidate perform original research and write a formal research paper. The minimum term for a terminal (professional) degree is 3 years past secondary education, the same minimum term required for a research doctorate. Terminal/professional doctoral degrees are not research doctorates, yet they do entitle their holders to pursue academic careers on a par with holders of academic degrees. Actual practice (and legal recognition) within the applicable professional field usually requires that the degree holder also become licenced by the appropriate body (an organization not affiliated with the schools granting the degrees); a certain amount of work experience is sometimes required for licensure. The titles from the first-professional doctoral degrees are not equivalent to the same title conferred in other countries. For example, outside the United States (and countries that mimic the North American medical educational system), the title of M.D.or D.M. may be only conferred as a research or a higher doctorate. This M.D or D.M. is in recognition of clinical or preclinical academic research many years after the original (professional or first) degree in medicine or veterinary medicine.
The most common type of research doctorate is a Ph.D. (Philosophiæ Doctor or Doctor of Philosophy), though there are many other designations.
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Although the Ph.D. is almost universally accepted currently as the standard qualification for an academic career, it is a relatively new invention. The older-style doctorates (now usually called "Higher Doctorates" in the United Kingdom) take much longer to complete, since candidates must show themselves to be leading experts in their subjects. These doctorates are now becoming rare, and are usually only awarded as honorary degrees. In France, the higher doctorate is the doctorat d'État. The latter was replaced for academic recruitment purposes by the "habilitation to direct theses". The Habilitation is still used for academic recruitment purposes in many countries within the EU and is a research doctorate involving either a new long thesis (a second book) or a portfolio of research publications. The "Habilitation" is a qualification that demonstrates independent and thorough research ability, experience in teaching and lecturing, the potential to have a research group and, more recently, the ability to generate extra funding within the area of research.
Professional Doctorates (also called First Professional Degrees):
Doctor of Chiropractic (D.C.)
Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.)
Doctor of Human Sexuality (D.H.S.)
Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D.)
Doctor of Management in Organizational Leadership (D.M.)
Doctor of Medicine/Medicinæ Doctor (M.D.)
Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
Doctor of Physical Therapy (D.P.T.)
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.)
Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.)
Doctor of Nursing Practice (D.N.P.)
Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.)
Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine (N.D.)
Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.)
Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DCP)
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
Doctor of Optometry/Optometry Doctor (O.D.)
Doctor of Occupational Therapy (D.O.T.)
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